When Did Jews Start Saying the Shema?

Questions about the origins of the Shema are both deeply historically significant and rich with theological importance. Traditional Jewish teachings suggest that the Shema began to be recited as early as 3300 years ago, placing its initiation in the period immediately following the Israelites' entry into the Holy Land.

The Shema, a fundamental statement of Jewish belief, begins with the mantra 'Hear, O Israel, the LORD our God, the LORD is one.' It is a declaration of monotheism and is considered by many Jews to be the foundation of their covenant with God. The verse also commands the faithful to love God with all their hearts, souls, and might, and to teach God's commandments to their children.

The Chronology of the Shema

According to traditional Jewish chronology, the initiation of the Shema is closely tied to the Shemittah (Sabbatical) year. It is traditionally believed that the first Shemittah-year was the 21st year after the Israelites entered the Holy Land, placing this event around 1251 BCE.

The subsequent 50-year Yovel (Jubilee) cycle began approximately 13 or 15 years after the return to the Holy Land in the year 2488 AM (Anno Mundi). This would put the beginning of the Yovel cycle around 2501 or 2503 BCE, which would in turn place the start of the Shema around 2510 BCE.

Historical Context

The Shema is not merely a static declaration of faith; it is also intertwined with the broader tradition of Jewish education and practice. Verse 7 of the Shema states, 'These commandments that I give you today are to be on your hearts.' This places a heavy emphasis on the ongoing teaching and remembrance of these commandments.

Furthermore, the Shema is meant to be spoken and taught in various contexts. It should be discussed in the home, during travel, and even while lying down or getting up. The physical reminders, such as wearing tefillin (phylacteries) and affixing mezuzahs (scrolls with the Shema) to doorposts, are intended to keep these teachings present in daily life.

The Formalization of Prayer

While the Shema has its roots in ancient traditions, it wasn't until after the Second Temple period that it began to be part of the formal daily prayer services. Some scholars suggest that the practice of reciting the Shema as part of morning and evening prayers likely began during the first century BCE or CE. However, it is clear that by the second century CE, the practice of reciting the Shema was well- established and part of the standard Jewish liturgy.

The midrash, a collection of rabbinical teachings and interpretations, provides further insight into the enduring nature of the Shema. For example, it references the Shema's importance long before the formalization of the prayer service, indicating that the practice was widely recognized even in earlier periods.

Conclusion

The Shema, one of the most sacred declarations of Jewish faith, has a long and storied history within Jewish tradition. From its early origins following the Israelites' entry into the Holy Land to its formal inclusion in daily prayer, the Shema has been a constant reminder of the Jewish people's covenant with God. Its continued relevance today underscores its profound theological and historical significance.