Understanding the Evolutions of Mahayana Monk Robes
Mahayana Buddhism, with its rich and diverse traditions, often manifests in different forms across various lineages. One of its most distinctive features is the attire worn by monks and nuns, particularly the Robe (pāsārathāma or sa?ghāti). This article explores the historical and cultural significance of these robes, focusing on the variations and changes observed in the Mahayana lineage.
Historical Context and Cultural Transmissions
The term "pāi mokkha" is not unique to the Theravada lineage. It is also recognized in Mahayana and Tantrayana traditions, primarily in the Dharmaguptaka lineage. These robes, as mentioned in the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya, often feature "khandas" and "kusis", reminiscent of Theravada monastic attire, albeit in smaller forms. While the "pāi mokkha" is often depicted in white shades, some historical accounts suggest that certain Mahayana lineages, such as the Dharmaguptaka, used to wear black robes. This variation in color indicates the influence of cultural and transmission factors.
Colors like blue, green, yellow, blood-red, crimson, black, orange, and beige are strictly regulated in the Vinaya tradition, with specific hues prohibited for robes. According to the Pāi Vinaya, certain colors such as entirely blue or green, yellow, entirely blood-red, crimson, and entirely black are forbidden. The use of entirely orange or beige is also discouraged, as noted in the commentary. These regulations highlight the spiritual and cultural significance of the robes, reflecting the monks' adherence to the Vinaya (monastic code).
Cultural Significance of Colors in Mahayana Tradition
Understanding the significance of color variations in Mahayana monk robes necessitates a deeper exploration of cultural and religious contexts. In modern Theravada practice, for instance, the "saghāti" robe is often used for various ceremonial occasions. However, in some countries like Sri Lanka and Burma, the "saghāti" is not the norm, and other robes are preferred.
The color of the robe can symbolize different spiritual lineages and practices. Darker colors, such as black or deep maroon, often reflect the quality of "vairagya" (detachment), indicating that the monastics belong to the "kammahāna-prāgya" practice tradition. They represent the banner of arahats (enlightened beings) and emphasize the path of seclusion and meditation. In contrast, brighter colors often signify a practice tradition that emphasizes "kāma" (sense desire), often found in city monasteries where monastics prioritize study and liturgical ceremonies over strict monastic discipline and seclusion.
Contemporary Relevance and Safety Concerns
Despite the rich cultural and spiritual significance, it is worth noting that the use of monk robes can also pose modern challenges. For instance, the 2023 mass shooting incident in Thailand, where the perpetrator visited a forest monastery, highlights the ongoing safety concerns in religious contexts. This incident serves as a reminder that the practice and tradition of monk robes must be balanced with contemporary security and safety measures.
The evolution and variation of Mahayana monk robes reflect the dynamic nature of Buddhist practice around the world. By understanding these historical and cultural nuances, we can better appreciate the complexities of these traditional garments and the cultural and spiritual values they represent.