Understanding Why Bahá'u'lláh Married at 18 with a 15-Year-Old: Context and Cultural Implications
The marriage of Bahá'u'lláh to Javaid Khanum, also known as Navvab Taj Ali Birgani, when she was 15 and he was 18, has often been a point of discussion and reflection within the Bahá'í community and beyond. This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the cultural, legal, and religious contexts surrounding this marriage, as well as to address common misconceptions.
Changing Perspectives on Marriage Age
It is important to note that the acceptable age for marriage has significantly changed over the past several decades. For example, in the 1950s, my grandmother married my grandfather when she was 14, and he was 22. Eldest siblings were often born to mothers even younger. These practices reflect a different cultural and societal context where families made decisions regarding marriage based on various factors, not just the age of the individuals involved.
Even in the United States, which is often considered progressive, there was a time when marriages could occur at a much younger age. According to the Wikipedia article on the marriage age in the US, a marriage at age 11 was once acceptable. Today, the legal age of marriage varies widely across the states, ranging from 14 to 18. This highlights the evolution of societal norms and legal standards.
Bahá'í Teachings on Marriage and Age
The Bahá'í Faith places a great deal of emphasis on the importance of maturation and spiritual readiness when considering marriage. In the Bahá'í community, the age of maturity is set at 15. Therefore, it would not be possible for someone to enter into a marriage before this age according to Bahá'í law. This reflects a deep commitment to spiritual development and personal readiness as essential components of a meaningful and fulfilling marriage.
Cultural Context of Marriage in 19th Century Persia
During the 19th century, marriages in Persia (modern-day Iran) were often contracted between families and not based on romantic whim. These marriages were typically conducted in accordance with Islamic law and tradition. The process usually involved two stages: the legal process and the celebrations.
The first stage, known as 'Aghed,' is the formal signing of a marriage contract. At this stage, the 'mehr,' or bride price, is set to guarantee the financial well-being of the bride. This is a traditional practice that has roots in Islamic and broader Middle Eastern cultural norms. Following the legal formalities, there is a celebratory phase that can last from 3 to 7 days, symbolizing the joy and community engagement surrounding the union.
Women in 19th century Persia had significant roles in deciding their daughters' marital futures. Mothers would often be proactive in organizing suitable matches for their children. The family's involvement in such matters reflects both the familial and communal importance placed on marriage.
Social and Historical Implications
The marriage of Bahá'u'lláh to Javaid Khanum at the ages specified is, in fact, a reflection of cultural practices and societal norms of the time. It is important to view these actions within the broader historical and cultural context of the era. The timing of the marriage was likely intended to align with both legal and spiritual norms of the Bahá'í Faith as they were understood at that time.
The Bahá'í community has since evolved and adapted many of its practices to align with contemporary values and legal standards, ensuring that these are in line with the principles of the faith as it is practiced today.
Understanding these historical and cultural contexts is crucial for a nuanced and respectful interpretation of Bahá'u'lláh's relationship and marriage, avoiding misconceptions and promoting a better understanding of the Bahá'í community's values and principles.