The Timeline of World War II: From Germany's Invasion of Poland to the USA's Entry
From the invasion of Poland in September 1939 to the USA's entry into World War II on December 8, 1941, a period of two and a half years spanned significant events and decisions that shaped the course of the war. This article delves into the timeline, the reasons behind America's reluctance to engage, and the pivotal moment that brought the USA into the conflict.
Germany's Invasion of Poland in 1939
World War II began with Germany's invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939. This invasion, a result of German dictator Adolf Hitler's aggressive expansionist policies, was a clear violation of the Treaty of Versailles and the Locarno Treaties. Britain and France, adhering to their commitment to defend Poland, declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939.
United States' Ambivalence towards Involvement
Despite the start of the war in Europe, the United States remained largely isolated and committed to a policy of neutrality. President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) faced significant political challenges, including upcoming elections in November 1940. Initially, FDR leaned towards a more cautious approach, emphasizing the United States' stance of not sending its citizens to foreign wars.
Reasons Behind America's Reluctance
The reluctance of the USA to fully engage in the war can be attributed to several factors:
Isolationist Sentiment: The United States had a long history of isolationism, a perspective that gained strength during the early 20th century, influenced by the experience of World War I. Economic Priorities: The US was more focused on domestic economic recovery and maintaining a balance between manufacturing and agricultural sectors. Military Preparedness: There was a significant lack of military preparedness and a shortfall in manpower, which made immediate involvement seem overwhelming.The Lend-Lease Program
Recognizing the importance of supporting their European allies, FDR implemented the Lend-Lease Program on March 11, 1941. This program allowed the USA to supply war materials and aid to countries in need, primarily Britain, without directly engaging in combat. Between 1939 and 1941, the US lost over 200 merchant ships to German U-boats, but the government preferred to maintain neutrality by focusing on domestic economic needs.
The Pearl Harbor Attack
The turning point for the USA involved the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by the Imperial Japanese Navy on December 7, 1941. This attack, which resulted in significant damage to the US Pacific Fleet, killed over 2,400 American servicemen. The attack broke the veneer of neutrality, and within 24 hours, the United States declared war on Japan.
Germany's Response
In response to the US declaration of war against Japan, Germany declared war on the United States on December 11, 1941, making the conflict a global one. This declaration not only brought the USA fully into World War II but also solidified the USA's alliance with Britain and efforts to defeat the Axis powers.
Conclusion
The timeline from Germany's invasion of Poland in September 1939 to the USA's entry in December 1941 is a complex interplay of political, economic, and military factors. The reluctance of the USA to fully engage in the conflict was driven by isolationist sentiments, domestic economic priorities, and a lack of military readiness. However, the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor and Germany's subsequent declaration of war marked a significant shift, prematurely bringing the USA into the war and changing the course of World War II.