World War II the US Submarine Supply Strategy
During World War II, American submarines operated under a strict and meticulously planned supply strategy to ensure their effectiveness on long patrols. This article explores the logistics of restocking ammunition and supplies while at sea, detailing the unique challenges and solutions devised by U.S. naval strategists.
Submarine Supply Protocol Before 1942
During the early years of the war, American submarines did not routinely re-supply while at sea. Once loaded with torpedoes, fuel, and provisions, these submarines embarked on patrol missions that typically lasted between 60 and 75 days, or until all their torpedoes were expended. The gato and balao classes, which were the fleet-type submarines of the U.S. fleet, carried 24 torpedoes per submarine.
The logistics of these missions were rigorous and time-consuming. Each patrol required substantial preparation and post-mission maintenance. Submarines relied on their bases, such as Pearl Harbor, for comprehensive restocking and repairs.
The 1942 Midway Outpost
A significant change in submarine support strategy emerged in 1942, following the critical Battle of Midway. Once Midway Atoll was secured, the U.S. established a submarine tender there. This tender was strategically positioned to refuel and re-supply submarines en route to the Western Pacific.
This new arrangement allowed for semi-regular resupply, but it did not fully address the challenge of long-distance patrols. Submarines still had to carry substantial supplies of both ammunition and other crucial materials. The tender at Midway was an important bridge, but it was far from a permanent solution.
Repurposing Conveniences
Innovations continued. The former Pan American World Airways hotel on Midway was adapted and utilized as a railway repair and resupply facility for submariners. This repurposing of existing infrastructure highlighted the ingenuity of the U.S. Navy in adapting to the pressing needs of the war.
Submarine Tenders in the Western Pacific
As the Pacific War intensified and moved westward, the role of submarine tenders became more prominent. These vessels were strategically deployed to newly captured anchorages such as Majuro in the Marshall Islands. Their role was to provide strategic support for the rapidly advancing U.S. Navy.
Key turning points in the Pacific, such as the recapture of Guam and the capture of Saipan from the Japanese in July 1945, marked significant advancements in submarine support. The establishment of five submarine tenders in Apra Harbor and Tanapag Harbor allowed the handling of five submarine squadrons. This network enabled more efficient rotation and resupply, contributing to the sustainability of submarine operations.
Conclusion
The supply strategy of U.S. submarines during World War II was a complex and multi-faceted operation. It involved not only the efficient restocking of ammunition and supplies but also the strategic deployment of support vessels to meet the unique demands of long-range, open-sea operations. These efforts ensured that U.S. submarines remained a formidable force throughout the conflict.
Understanding the submarine supply strategy during World War II provides insights into the operational challenges and technological advancements of naval warfare during the mid-20th century. The use of tenders and the repurposing of existing facilities demonstrate the adaptability and ingenuity of naval logistics.