The Evolution of Acting: From External Performance to Psychological Realism

When did acting change from what we might consider its traditional methods? The short answer is never, or, more accurately, not entirely. Professional actors have always maintained their identity while portraying characters, a practice in line with their craft rather than a mental health disorder. This article explores the evolution of acting from external performance to psychological realism, highlighting key figures who have influenced the field.

Introduction to Acting Practices

For those accustomed to seeing highly external and technical performances, the focus usually rests on the skill of the actor to 'become the character.' However, this notion is merely a metaphor. Skilled actors always remain true to themselves, making it impossible to be anyone else. Reciting lines with feeling is often termed poetry reading, and the art of acting itself has evolved significantly over centuries.

The Ancient Roots of Acting

Characters were first depicted and acted upon approximately 2,000 years ago in ancient Greece. Thespis, often credited as the first actor, stepped out of the chorus to perform 'as' the character, leading to the term 'thespian.' This early form of acting featured externality, with the actors delivering performances based on inherent skill and ability rather than delving deeply into the psychological aspects of their roles.

The Shift Towards Psychological Realism

The movement away from externally displayed performance began during the mid-19th century, with notable figures such as Denis Diderot embodying this change. However, the real revolution occurred during the turn of the 20th century with the pioneering work of Konstantin Stanislavski. Stanislavski systematically investigated psychological realism, leading to a method that aimed to instill a more truthful and immersive performance by delving into the characters' psychological states.

The Spread and Impact of Stanislavski's Method

Stanislavski's influence was not confined to one geographical region. His company set up in New York in the 1920s, and the American actors took his ideas and developed them into what is now known as the 'method.' This approach to acting emphasized the actor's personal experience and emotional connection to the character, creating a profound impact on both theater and film.

Adler's Contribution and Adaptation

Stella Adler, another key figure, sought to update and adapt the American version of Stanislavski's method. Adler emphasized the actor's personal experience and emotional connection, bringing a more nuanced approach to the method. Her work helped refine and popularize the method, ensuring its continued relevance and impact on the field of acting.

The Influence of Cinema on Acting

The rise of cinema played a pivotal role in the evolution of acting. Cinema's emphasis on realism influenced theater, leading to parallel developments in both mediums. Actors began to focus more on capturing the essence of their characters, making their performances more authentic and relatable to the audience.

Conclusion

While the core of professional acting has remained the same – actors portraying characters while maintaining their own identities – the practices and techniques have evolved significantly. From the external performances of ancient Greece to the psychological realism of the early 20th century, acting has undergone a transformative journey. This evolution has not only enriched the art form but has also continued to captivate audiences around the world.