The Complex Unification of the United States: Abe Lincoln and the Civil War
His legacy in unifying the nation is often debated, with conflicting opinions on whether Abraham Lincoln truly succeeded in reassembling the United States during his presidency. This article explores the multifaceted approach he took to unite the Northern and Southern states during the Civil War.
National Reconciliation and the Legacy of Decoration Day
Decoration Day, now known as Memorial Day, was a time when women would bring flowers to honor both Union and Confederate troops. The graveyards served as a place where the deceased no longer held grudges, symbolizing a form of reconciliation. Yet, Lincoln's leadership was marked by a darker side as the country shed more blood than could fit in the mighty Mississippi River during his four-year presidency.
The Price of Unification: A Costs
For his supporters and some historians, Lincoln's actions were hailed as a victory for the Union. In their flawed logic, his legacy was almost to the point of worship. However, the reality was far more complex. The endless graveyards reflect the immense cost of his presidency in human terms. Even in the peace of the graveyard, there was an eerie silence as no one disagreed. The deceased preferred life over the brutality of war. Lincoln, in his afterlife, stalks the country as the most well-known ghost, reportedly witnessed by Winston Churchill who refused to sleep at the White House after claiming to see the ghost.
The Strategic Approach: Reshaping the Union
Lincoln's efforts to unite the nation were more nuanced than a straightforward national reconciliation. He employed a series of strategic and political maneuvers to ensure the survival and eventual reunification of the Union.
Patience and Diplomacy: A Delicate Balancing Act
Lincoln's initial reluctance to use aggressive force, exemplified by the decision not to reinforce or resupply Fort Sumter, was a calculated move. This strategy allowed the South to fire the first shots of the War, which might not have been as inflammatory if Lincoln had chosen a different course. His patience also extended to the issue of emancipation, where he delayed the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation to avoid alienating the Union states, particularly those border states that were still loyal to the Union such as Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and Missouri. This strategic delay in abolishing slavery was aimed at maintaining the loyalty of these states.
Tact and Tolerance: The Value of Respect
Lincoln’s leadership extended beyond military strategy. His tact in handling political and military insubordination was a testament to his diplomatic skills. He was willing to overlook insults and slights, even from within his own ranks, if it served the war effort. This included his decision to appoint Benjamin Butler as a major general, despite Butler’s lack of military experience, merely to ensure the support of War Democrats. Similarly, other generals like Franz Sigel were given significant commands, reinforcing Lincoln's commitment to political alliances over military competence alone.
Conclusion
While Lincoln's legacy is often celebrated, his approach to unifying the nation during the Civil War was complex and multifaceted. His patience, tact, and strategic political maneuvers played a crucial role in ensuring the survival and eventual reunification of the Union. The graveyards of Decoration Day serve as a poignant reminder of the immense cost, but they also symbolize a glimmer of hope and reconciliation. As we reflect on Lincoln's leadership, it is important to recognize the nuanced strategies that shaped his legacy and the enduring impact of his presidency.