The Classical Dances of India: Origins, Evolution, and Cultural Significance
India is known for its rich cultural heritage, and dance is an integral part of this heritage. The country boasts a diverse range of classical dances, each with its unique history, significance, and style. This article explores the 9 recognized classical dances in India, their origins, and cultural significance.
Overview of Indian Classical Dances
According to the Sangeet Natak Academy, there are eight recognized classical dance forms in India. However, the Indian Ministry of Culture recognizes a ninth: Chhau dance. This article delves into the eight core classical forms and introduces the ninth.
Shringar: The Love of Movement
The Indian classical dance forms are characterized by their emotional and technical expressions. These eight basic elements, 'Shringar, Hasya, Karuna, Raudra, Veer, Bhayanak, Bibhats, and Adbhoot,' reflect the emotional spectrum that dancers impart through their movements. Each form explores different shades of these emotions.
8 Classical Dances of India
Bharatanatyam
Bharatanatyam is a classical dance form with its roots in Tamil Nadu. Originating around 2000 years ago, Bharatanatyam was performed in the temples by Devadasis and is often referred to as Dasiattam. The term 'Natyam' in Bharatanatyam means to be adorned, and this reflects the intricate hand gestures, facial expressions, and footwork that dancers master over years of training. The rich history of Bharatanatyam can be found in the Natya Shastra, a 2000-year-old text by Bharata Muni.
Kathak
Kathak originates from the northern state of Uttar Pradesh and is closely linked to the Natya Shastra. The dance form is renowned for its storytelling and intricate footwork. Kathak is performed in three main sections: Offering, Nritta, and Nritya. Notably, Kathak has been embraced by both Hindu and Muslim communities, contributing to its wide appeal and unique cultural fusion.
Kathakali
Southern India's Kathakali is a dance-drama form that originated in the state of Kerala. It is distinguished by elaborate costumes, makeup, and eye and hand movements that narrate complex stories. This dance form is performed in temples and is celebrated for its incredible performances that can last several hours.
Manipuri
Manipuri dance forms have roots in the state of Manipur. The term 'Manomohan' means 'the wonder of mind,' and this name encapsulates the style of Manipuri dance, which is characterized by its graceful movements and spirituality. One of the most prominent Manipuri dance styles is the Ras Leela, which is famous for its depiction of the divine love story of Krishna. These performances are also part of the state's folk traditions.
Mohiniyattam
The name 'Mohiniyattam' is derived from the word 'Mohini', meaning the female form of Lord Vishnu. This dance form originated in Kerala and is renowned for its graceful movements and lyrical quality. Mohiniyattam is performed to the rhythm of Edenil, Thodipattu, and Dhavaladhatu, and the dance emphasizes the dancer's sensuality and elegance.
Sattriya
Sattriya is a dance form that originated in the 15th century in the Assam region. Its foundation was laid by Vaishnava saints and reformers, and it is deeply influenced by the deities and their devotees. Sattriya emphasizes the '
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Kuchipudi, named after the Kuchipuddy village in Andhra Pradesh, is a temple-oriented dance form. Similarly to other classical forms, Kuchipudi was originally performed in temples by the Devadasis. The dance form is known for its purity and the elaborate footwork and poses that are performed to classical Carnatic music. The dance technique involves strict adherence to the principal of hasta mudras, which are subtle hand gestures that convey emotions and stories.
Odissi
Originating from the state of Odisha, Odissi is another temple dance form with a rich history dating back to the Bayta village. This dance form is famous for its aesthetic grace and lyrical movements. Odissi, like Bharatanatyam, is characterized by vivid facial expressions and the use of abhinaya (expressive performance). The aesthetic beauty of Odissi lies in its elegance and the use of intricate footwork that reflects the dancers' agility and flexibility.
Chhau
Chhau is a semi-classical dance form that encompasses various styles, including the Western Bengal type, Seraikella type, and Mayurbhanj type, each with its distinct character and costume. Chhau is performed in the regions of Purulia (West Bengal), Seraikella (Jharkhand), and Mayurbhanj (Odisha). Dance artists perform with large masks that depict different deities and characters. This form is notable for its vigorous and energetic movements that tell stories through dramatically elaborate performances, reflecting the socio-cultural fusion of the region.
Cultural Context and Significance
The Indian classical dance forms are deeply rooted in the country's spiritual and cultural heritage. Each dance form carries its unique cultural significance, and the practice of these dances is not just limited to entertainment but is also a means of preserving ancient rituals and stories. For instance, Bharatanatyam is celebrated for its purity and grace, Kathak for its storytelling and footwork, while Kathakali and Chhau are known for their vibrant theatrical performances and cultural storytelling.
Conclusion
The classical dance forms of India, whether temple-oriented or narrative-based, are a testament to the diverse cultural mosaic of the Indian subcontinent. These dances are enriched by centuries of tradition and continue to be of significant importance in modern times for their artistic and cultural value.