The Age of Joseph and Mary at Betrothal: Biblical Interpretations and Theological Opinions

The question of Joseph's age when he was betrothed to Mary remains a topic of debate among scholars and theologians. While the Bible doesn't provide specific ages for both characters, various traditions and interpretations have arisen over the centuries. This article explores the historical and theological contexts surrounding their ages at the time of their betrothal and presents the opinions of respected theologians and historical texts.

Historical and Biblical Context

The New Testament does not specify the ages of Joseph and Mary at the time of their betrothal. Christian tradition, however, often portrays Mary as a young teenager, typically around 12 to 14 years old, which was common for Jewish girls of that era. Regarding Joseph, the Bible does not mention his age either, leading to several interpretations and traditions.

Theological Opinions on Joseph's Age

Père Binet S.J. in The Divine Favors Granted to St. Joseph (1973) suggests that the general opinion among theologians is that St. Joseph was neither an old man nor a youth, but in the prime of life, between thirty and forty. This view is based on a secret inspiration from heaven causing both Mary and Joseph to enter into their alliance while adoring the impenetrable counsel of the great God. The age of fifteen is mentioned for Mary, though Joseph's exact age is not known.

Isidore de Isolanis O.P. in his treatise Summa de Donis de S. Joseph (1522) offers several arguments supporting the idea that Joseph was relatively young:

Arguments for a Young Joseph

1. Spouses of Similar Ages: Spouses were typically around the same age. Since Mary was younger, Joseph was also likely younger.

2. Mary Could Not Be Joseph's Daughter: If Mary were Joseph's daughter, it would be difficult to accept. Therefore, Joseph must have been young and Mary much younger.

3. Health and Protection: Joseph needed to be young and healthy to protect Mary and Jesus during travels and work. Young men are better suited for these responsibilities.

4. Prophecy: Isaiah 62:5 mentions "the young man [St. Joseph] shall dwell with the virgin [St. Mary]," supporting the idea that Joseph was young.

Counterarguments

1. Modernity: He was middle-aged but still possessed a manly and knowledgeable character.

2. Experience: Joseph must have been old enough to have acquired a grave demeanor, prudence, and fortitude.

3. Long Stay in Egypt: Joseph's stay in Egypt for seven years would have required him to be old enough to defend against the Egyptians' hatred of the Israelites, implying a certain level of maturity and experience.

Conclusion

While some traditions propose that Joseph was significantly older than Mary, the claim that he was specifically 80 years old lacks direct biblical support. The general opinion among theologians suggests that St. Joseph was in the prime of life, between thirty and forty, based on historical and scriptural reasoning.

This article seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the age question surrounding Joseph and Mary at the time of their betrothal, offering insights from both historical texts and modern theological perspectives.