Shia in the Quran: Understanding Its Use and Context
When discussing the term Shia in the Quran, it is important to note that the concept as known today originated long after the Prophet's era. Nevertheless, there are references and verses within the Quran that have been interpreted by different sects in various ways. This article aims to explore the use of the term Shia in the Quran and its broader context within Islamic theological discussions.
The Absence of the Term Shias in the Quran
One of the key points to remember is that the term Shia itself does not appear in the Quran. This is because the concept of Shias as a distinct sect with followers of Ali and his descendants came into existence after the Prophet Muhammad's death and the completion of the Quran. However, there are references within the Quran to deviant groups and sects that resemble what we today call Shias and Sunnis.
Interpretations and Verses
One verse that is often discussed is [6:159], which reads:
“Indeed those who have divided into sects – you are not responsible for them at all. Their affair is only for Allah, and He will inform them of what they were doing.”
Another verse, [4:81-108], provides more context for understanding the term Shia, specifically in the context of companionship and support:
“Verily, those who divided their religion and were split into sects, you are not responsible for them at all, their affair is only to their Lord. He will inform them about what they were doing. They say to the people, 'We are with you; we hear and we obey; yet, if we understand, it is for us a great matter. Let not the believers be like those who differed with David concerning the command of Allah, so Allah judged between them; verily, Allah guides not the transgressor and the liar. ... ‘(4:81-108)
Theological Perspectives
The term Shia is used in the Quran to describe the followers of Musa (Moses) and Ibrahim (Abraham). For example, in the verse [4:54], it states:
“And We made them leaders to guide by Our command, as long as they held to Our guidance; they were not going astray from their guidance.”
Several historical events are mentioned in the Quran that are relevant to Shias and their support of Ahlul Bayt (the household of the Prophet Muhammad). These include the event described in [4:54-56] where Ali, the fourth caliph, is being addressed and his supporters, the Shias, are mentioned:
“O community of the House! Allah truly loves those who are ever in fear of Him and those who are compassionate and merciful to each other. And Allah loves doers of good. (4:54) And remember that it was stated to you by Allah, the Prophet and those entrusted with power: 'Obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority from among you. And if you should dispute concerning anything, refer it to Allah and the Messenger, if you are believers in Allah and the Last Day. That is best and most suitable for final determination. (4:59)
The Opposites: Sunnis and Hypocrites
The Quran differentiates between the Sunnis and Hypocrites, groups which resemble the broad conceptions of Shias and Sunnis. [3:73-181] provides a clear contrast:
“O believers, do not take the disbelievers as allies instead of the believers; do you wish to offer to Allah as sacrifice that which He has made sacred [i.e., clear (from idols)]? Then, you will have no power in life [against evil], and you will certainly be defeated. (3:181)
The Role of Hypocrites and Non-believers
Another chapter, Al Furqan [25:28-30], further clarifies the role of hypocrites and non-believers:
“O Prophet, it is not for you (or yours) if they do not believe. Your duty is only to convey (the message); and Allah is well-acquainted with all that they do. No one knows what delights of the Eye are kept hidden (in reserve) for him as a congratulation from Allah, nor does Allah add to the disbelievers but misfortune for what they have done. (25:28-30)
Meanwhile, in Al Hujurat [49:17], it is clear who bears the burden of these beliefs:
“Oh believers, let not some people despise others, for they may be better than them; nor let some women despise other women, for they may be better than them; and do not also despise each other in speech, do not call each other by [offensive] nicknames. Wretched is the name of disobedience after [having embraced] faith; and it is fitting for you to forgive, and to console one another, and to show solidarity. (49:11-13)
Conclusion
The term Shia in the Quran serves to describe followers of certain historical and theological figures, but its modern context of religious sects is not explicitly found within the text. It is essential to understand the nuanced usage of this term within the broader theological framework of Islam.
Key Points:
The term Shia does not appear in the Quran. References to Shias exist in relation to companions and historical events. Modern sects like Shias and Sunnis are not directly referenced but are related to the wider context of beliefs and practices. Understanding the Quran in the context of its time is crucial for interpreting its messages.