Shankara's Philosophy and the Path to Moksha in Hinduism: Beyond Caste Boundaries

Introduction to Moksha and Self-Realization

In Advaita Hinduism, the path to Moksha, or spiritual liberation, is considered to be a journey of self-realization or ātma-bodha. This is achieved by eradicating avidya, or cognitive error, which obstructs the perception of one's true essence. This process is gender and caste agnostic, encompassing everyone who embarks on this transformative path.

The Three Paths to Moksha: Karma-Yoga, Jnana-Yoga, and Bhakti-Yoga

éven though Moksha is not inherently associated with gender or caste, traditional Hindu texts suggest that the process of achieving it is governed by three different paths, each suited to different individuals based on their background and aspirations:

Karma-Yoga: This path involves disinterested service and engagement with the world. It emphasizes the performance of one’s social and professional duties with a detached attitude, aimed at uplifting and benefiting others. It involves the accumulation of merit, which paves the way for spiritual evolution and development. This approach is designed to suit everyone and is the foundation for spiritual progress. Jnana-Yoga: This path focuses on the study of philosophy and the development of right-view, cultivating a deep understanding of the self and the world through practice and meditation. However, this path requires formal initiation and adherence to certain ritualistic processes, such as the Upanayana ceremony and daily obligatory rituals like sandhya-vandana. These practices are crucial for purifying the mind and establishing the discipline required for transcendental meditation. Sudras are ineligible for these rites, which limits their access to the Brahmā-vidyas, or meditation techniques. Bhakti-Yoga: This path is the journey of devotion and surrender to God, open to all individuals, even those without prejudice or discrimination. It is considered to be the easiest and most glorious path to Moksha, accessible to people from all backgrounds, including animals.

The Impact of Historical Practices and Modern Interpretations

Unfortunately, the strict adherence to traditional practices has rendered many methods, such as the Brahmā-vidyas, largely irrelevant or extinct. The practice of Upanayana and the required daily rituals are no longer observed by 90% of Hindus. As a result, those who were traditionally barred from the Brahmā-vidyas could explore Tantric practices instead, which offer a more inclusive approach to meditation and spiritual growth. The Tantras provided meditation techniques for all, regardless of gender, class, or caste.

In addition to traditional practices, the path to Moksha has evolved. The Neo-Vedānta initiated by Vivekananda has broadened the eligibility for sanyāsa, spiritual renunciation, to all genders and castes. Traditionally, sanyāsa was limited to the first three Varnas and as a culmination of Vedic social saskaras, while women and non-brahmins were not entitled to it. Today, anyone can pursue this path, carrying a bamboo stick as a symbol of spiritual evolution, with specific symbols for different types of renunciants.

Conclusion

The path to Moksha has evolved over time, demonstrating a progressive movement towards inclusivity and spiritual equality. While traditional practices once limited access to certain spiritual paths, the modern interpretation of Advaita philosophy makes it accessible to all, regardless of gender, caste, or social status.