Pioneers in Black Music: From George W. Johnson to Josephine Baker

The history of African American music is a vibrant tapestry woven with the threads of countless individuals who have contributed to the rich cultural landscape. Among the earliest and most influential figures were musicians who blazed trails with their voices and songs. This article delves into the storied careers of several pioneering black musicians, starting with George W. Johnson, one of the first African American musicians to record commercially, and ending with Josephine Baker, a legendary performer who captivated audiences around the world in the early 20th century.

The First African American to Make Commercial Records: George W. Johnson (1890)

George W. Johnson, born in 1846, was a former slave who blazed the trail for future generations of black musicians. In 1890, he became the first African American to make commercial recordings. These wax cylinders marked the beginning of a new era where his music could be heard beyond the confines of live performances. Johnson's recordings were especially popular, and he sold thousands of them during his brief but successful singing career.

Worldwide Recognition: Louis Armstrong (1910s-1930s)

While George W. Johnson may have been the first to record commercially, Louis Armstrong is widely considered a key figure in the transformation of jazz into a global phenomenon. Armstrong's recognition coincided with the advent of widespread distribution of recorded music. His music transcended racial and geographical boundaries, becoming known worldwide. Armstrong's impact on the world of music is immeasurable, and his recorded performances remain as vital today as they were in his heyday.

Success in the Early 1900s: Ethel Waters (1920s-1930s)

Ethel Waters, born in 1896, was one of the most popular singers in the early 20th century. She started her career in vaudeville on the TOBA circuit and later performed in many of Harlem's nightclubs. While her recordings on the Black Swan label garnered reasonable sales, it was her Columbia records like "Dinah" and "Am I Blue" that introduced her to a broader, mainly white audience. Her performances and recordings became instrumental in breaking down racial barriers and introducing black music to wider audiences.

Ancient Success: Bert Williams (1901-1920)

If fame is measured by widespread popularity and commercial success, then Bert Williams may be considered the first black singer to achieve such status. Williams first recorded in 1901 for Victor, then signed with Columbia in 1906. Following his involvement with the Ziegfeld Follies in 1911, his popularity soared, and he became one of Columbia Records' biggest sellers. Williams' success paved the way for future black performers and set new standards for music distribution and recognition.

Paris Sizzles: Josephine Baker (1920s)

Josephine Baker, born in 1906, became a singing sensation in the 1920s, performing in Paris, France. Despite her American roots, she had to leave the United States to find success, showcasing her talents in the vibrant Parisian nightlife scene of the Roaring Twenties. Baker's performances were not only celebrated for their musical prowess but also for the cultural and racial integration they promoted. Her career in Paris became a symbol of the cultural exchange and the breaking of racial barriers.

In conclusion, these pioneering figures in black music—George W. Johnson, Louis Armstrong, Ethel Waters, Bert Williams, and Josephine Baker—left indelible marks on the history of music. Their careers, achievements, and legacies continue to inspire and influence musicians and music lovers around the world. Their journeys, though diverse, share a common thread of breaking through cultural and social barriers to achieve fame and recognition.