Penicillin Tablets: Not Living Bacteria; How They Work
Penicillin, a medication that has revolutionized the world of medicine, has a fascinating history and mechanism of action. Let's delve into understanding how penicillin tablets function and why they are not alive bacteria.
Introduction to Penicillin
Penicillin was discovered by the eminent scientist, Alexander Fleming, in 1928. It was discovered accidentally as part of a mold, but not as part of bacteria. What Fleming noticed was that a certain type of blue mold, Penicillium notatum, had inhibited the growth of bacteria around it. This observation led to one of the most significant discoveries in medical history.
Penicillin is actually produced by the fungi Penicillium chrysogenum and serves as a decomposed product, not a live entity. This chemical, known as phenoxymethylpenicillin or Penicillin V, has the chemical formula C16H18N2O5S. It works by targeting and disrupting the structure of bacterial cells, specifically their cell walls.
How Penicillin Works
Penicillin works by inhibiting the peptidoglycan cross-linking in bacterial cell walls. Peptidoglycans are essential for the structural integrity of the cell, providing strength and protection. When penicillin acts on the peptidoglycans, it interferes with the process of synthesizing new cell walls, leading to weakened or incomplete cell walls.
Cell Wall Structure and Function
The cell wall of a bacterium is crucial for various functions, including maintaining the cell's shape, providing protection, and preventing the entry of harmful substances. It is a mesh-like structure that surrounds the plasma membrane, increasing the cell's strength and rigidity.
Penicillin's Mechanism of Action
Penicillins work by targeting the peptidoglycans and inhibiting the enzymes responsible for their cross-linking. This interference weakens the cell wall, leading to the formation of pores. As the bacterium divides, tiny holes appear in the cell wall. The peptidoglycans that are newly generated by the bacterium are unable to sufficiently rebuild these weakened or punctured areas.
Role of Osmotic Pressure and Cell Bursting
When bacteria lose the ability to close these pores, they become susceptible to the effects of osmotic pressure. The concentration of external fluids is higher than that inside the bacterium. As a result, water flows through the perforations into the cell, causing the bacterium to burst.
This process is what leads to the death of the bacteria. The chemical structure of penicillin makes it an excellent antibiotic, capable of destroying a wide range of bacteria without harming the human body. While it is effective against many bacteria, it is important to note that not all bacterial infections can be treated with penicillin due to the development of drug-resistant strains.
Conclusion
In conclusion, penicillin tablets are not alive bacteria; they are a chemical derived from fungi that functions by interfering with the synthesis and integrity of bacterial cell walls. Alexander Fleming's accidental discovery has led to one of the most profound medical advancements ever, saving countless lives and transforming the way we treat bacterial infections.