Origins and History of the Tory Political Term
The term 'Tory' has a complex and intertwined history, deeply rooted in Irish folklore and political dynamics in 17th century England. This article delves into the origins of the Tory political term and how it evolved over time.
Background in Irish Folklore
Off the north coast of Ireland lies an island named Tory Island. This island was known for its notorious wreckers, individuals who deliberately gave false light signals to passing ships, luring them onto rocky shores. This action often led to the shipwrecking and the subsequent robbery of the crew and cargo. The opponents of these wreckers in Parliament decided to label them 'Tories' as a derogatory term in the 1660s, encapsulating their villainous actions through the term 'robber' in English.
Similarly, the Tories labeled their parliamentary opponents as 'Whigs', a term that itself has an interesting etymology. The term 'Whig' was originally used to describe a highwayman. This historical context provides a glimpse into the vitriolic nature of political discourse in the 17th century.
The Political Context in England
About 350 years ago, during the reign of King Charles II, England faced a significant political crisis as to the future succession. Charles II and his Queen Catherine of Braganza had no children, leading to the question of who would succeed the crown in the event of the King's death.
The succession was contested, with James, Duke of York, being a Catholic and therefore facing opposition from the Whig Party. The Tories, in support of James, emerged as a force in the English political landscape, utilizing the term 'Tory' to identify themselves.
The Glorious Revolution and Tory Dominance
Charles II's passing led to James II becoming the new King. However, the political landscape was not stable, and tensions mounted. Notably, James II had two Protestant daughters, Mary and Anne, although James himself was Catholic. Mary was married to her Protestant cousin, William of Orange, and they were invited to invade England by influential Members of Parliament to assume the throne. James II's troops defected, forcing him into exile in France, an event known as the 'Glorious Revolution'. This period marked a significant shift in the political landscape of England, with the Tory Party playing a crucial role.
Parliament then invited William and Mary to become joint monarchs on the condition that they accepted the Bill of Rights. The Glorious Revolution led to a Protestant monarchy in England, further cementing the Tory identity. When James II attempted to regain the throne through military campaigns in Ireland, he suffered a decisive defeat at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690, fleeing to France where he died in 1701.
The Evolution of the Term 'Tory'
Though the origins of the term 'Tory' can be traced back to the Irish 'tóraidhe' (robber), its usage in the political sphere has evolved greatly. Over time, the term 'Tory' has come to represent a political faction, specifically the Conservative and Unionist Party, which emerged in the early 20th century. Despite the significant shift in the party's name, the term 'Tory' has endured, often appearing in newspaper headlines, especially in more critical coverage of the Conservative Party.
Understanding the historical context and evolution of the term 'Tory' is crucial for grasping its significance in modern political discourse. The term 'Tory' continues to be a source of controversy and debate, reflecting the ongoing political dynamics in the United Kingdom.