In Depth Analysis: 'King' or 'Emperor' in 1 Peter 2:17

The Christian scripture, specifically 1 Peter 2:17, presents a delicate balance of devotion and respect. The verse offers a profound message that has been translated in various ways to capture its intended meaning. The Global New Testament (GNT) translation reads, 'Respect everyone, love other believers, honor God and respect the Emperor.'

1 Peter 2:17 GNT: Respect everyone, love other believers, honor God and respect the Emperor.

A Closer Look at the Greek Text

The original Greek text of 1 Peter 2:17 uses the word βασιλε?α, which is typically translated as 'kingdom.' However, within the verse, there is a direct reference to a person in power, the subject of whom could be either a king or an emperor. The debate over whether to translate this as 'king' or 'emperor' is significant, and the choice can profoundly impact the reader's understanding of the text.

From 'King' to 'Emperor'

The word βασιλε?? (basileus) in Greek is usually translated as 'king'(1). However, the broader definition includes a 'ruler' or 'sovereign.' This term can encompass both kings and emperors, depending on the context. The choice of 'emperor' introduces a specific historical and cultural context, addressing the Roman Emperor and his direct rule over the empire(2).

The Use of 'γεμονα'

A second word in the text, γεμονα ( toJSON(true) 1The Greek word "βασιλε??" (basileus) is typically translated as 'king' in many English translations of the Bible.2The specific use of 'emperor' aligns with the context of the Roman Empire under which early Christians were living.

Given the historical context of the first century AD, the term 'Emperor' likely refers to the Roman Emperor, who held significant power over the empire. In this era, emperors were more directly involved in governance and administration, as opposed to kings in other monarchies where the king might have a more ceremonial role(2).

Implications for Modern Readers

For modern readers, the choice between 'king' and 'emperor' can impact their understanding of the role of authority figures. The broader term 'king' might be seen as more general, applicable to rulers worldwide, while 'emperor' is more specific to the context of the Roman Empire. This distinction can influence how the text is interpreted in different contexts and cultures(3).

Conclusion

Whether 1 Peter 2:17 should be translated as 'king' or 'emperor' is a matter of scholarly debate and interpretation. The choice to use 'emperor' reflects a more historical and cultural context, connecting the text to the specific historical period in which it was written. This nuanced translation provides a richer understanding for readers and scholars, highlighting the complexities of biblical language and the importance of context in scriptural interpretation.

References:

Mounce, W. D. (1991). A Concise Expository Dictionary of the New Testament Words. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. International Standard Version (ISV) Bible. (n.d.). 1 Peter 2:17. Retrieved from Green, J. B. (1997). The New International Greek Testament Commentary: 1 and 2 Peter, 1, 2, and 3 John, and Jude (2nd ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.

Keywords: 1 Peter 2:17, Biblical Translation, Ruler vs. Emperor