Do All Countries Have a Navy and Army?
The presence of a navy, army, and air force is a topic of much interest. However, not all countries require these elements of military force. This article explores the exceptions and unique situations where some nations do not possess a navy or army. From land-locked nations to countries who have chosen to avoid war, we'll delve into why certain countries don't need such military branches.
The Absence of a Navy and Army in Specific Nations
While most countries do have a navy and an army, there are notable exceptions. Countries without a coastline, such as Zimbabwe, do not require a navy to protect their borders or territorial waters. Although initially irony abounds, the Swiss Navy hasn't just been a joke—today, they maintain patrol boats on Lake Geneva for internal security and border patrol.
A Landlocked Nation with No Military Services: Costa Rica
One of the most striking examples is Costa Rica. Costa Rica has not had an army since 1948. Instead, the country relies on a unique force for internal security and border patrol - the national gendarmerie.
Why Costa Rica? The nation's decision to renounce its armed forces was a well-considered and bold move. This decision aligns with its national ideology of pacifismo (pacifism), which advocates for peaceful coexistence and the avoidance of armed conflict. Currently, Costa Rica maintains a police force for law and order and relies on other nations' military forces to ensure its defense needs are met.
Switzerland: A Landlocked Home Without a Navy or Army
Switzerland stands out as one of the world's unique examples of a nation without an army. This is attributed to its strict policy of neutrality, which has ensured that Switzerland has not engaged in any wars for over 400 years. Being a landlocked nation, Switzerland has no need for a navy, as it does not have access to any maritime borders.
Why No Army? Since 2005, the Swiss military has downsized to a predominantly professional, full-time force. Previously, it had a unified conscription system, but Switzerland has since focused on maintaining a small professional army and using resources to support peacekeeping and humanitarian efforts.
Due to its neutral stance, Switzerland has become a focal point for peace talks and international organizations such as the United Nations and the International Red Cross. The country's effective police system and world-renowned neutrality have contributed to its status as a reliable and valuable member of the international community.
Shared Forces or Other Arrangements?
Outside of Costa Rica and Switzerland, very few countries rely completely on shared forces for their defense. However, some nations do depend on the military services of other countries for protection, forming alliances and partnerships to ensure their security. These arrangements can vary widely and are often closely tied to geopolitical relationships and strategic alliances.
Conclusion
The decision to have or not have a navy and army is a complex one, influenced by a nation's geographical, historical, and ideological context. While most countries need a military for defense, there are exceptions that serve as examples of diverse approaches to security and peace. Understanding these unique situations can provide valuable insights into the complexities of global security and the importance of national sovereignty.