Did Vikings Actually Use Two-Handed Axes in Battle?
The use of two-handed axes by Vikings, often depicted in modern fiction, holds a place in both historical and legendary narratives. While widely recognized in popular culture, the reality of their usage in battle presents an intriguing mosaic of facts and myths. This article delves into the evidence and context surrounding the two-handed axes used by Vikings, focusing on their design, effectiveness, and the broader context of Viking armament.
Design and Usage of Two-Handed Axes
The two-handed axe, also known as the Dane axe or broad axe, was a significantly large weapon favored by some elite Viking warriors. These axes were characterized by a long handle that allowed for powerful and striking blows, making them highly effective against armored opponents. According to historical artifacts, the typical axe had a blade that was roughly 6 to 8 feet in length and a head that, although small, was propelled with great force due to the extended handle (Koch, 2019).
Cultural Significance and Elite Usage
The two-handed axe was not a weapon of mass use for all Viking warriors. Rather, it was a significant weapon endemic to the elite ranks or during specific types of combat. Its design, featuring a sturdy handle and a narrow blade, made it a formidable tool for breaking shields and causing extensive injuries to opponents. However, the majority of Viking warriors preferred a variety of weapons, including one-handed axes, swords, spears, and bows, depending on their status, the type of combat, and personal preference ( Anderson, 2015).
Common Battle Formations and Weapon Use
Among the preserved evidence from the Viking boroughs in England, particularly Lincoln, are numerous battle axes. These axes depicted a haft around four feet long, rendering them impractical for single-handed use. The design, with a surprisingly small head but a long handle, suggests that these axes were likely wielded with two hands, emphasizing their effectiveness in battle (Thorsson, 2010).
There is a common misconception that Vikings dual wielded equal length weapons. Historical and archaeological evidence indicates that Vikings engaged in combat primarily with one-handed axes and shields. The shield wall and its variations were the most common battle formations, utilized in all large battles. The skill and coordination required for dual wielding swords or axes were not as prevalent among Viking warriors (Lund, 2018).
Conclusion
While the image of Vikings wielding two-handed axes in battle is deeply ingrained in popular culture, historical evidence suggests that these axes were used more for specialized purposes and by certain elite warriors. The design of the axe, with a long handle and a narrow blade, enhanced its effectiveness in breaking through armor and causing damage. For most Viking warriors, a combination of weapons including one-handed axes, swords, spears, and bows was more commonly employed, reflecting the diverse and sophisticated nature of their warfare.
References:
Anderson, R. (2015). Viking Weapons and Combat Techniques. Combat Sci. Koch, L. (2019). Arms and Armor of the Vikings: Eight Centuries of Scandinavian Weaponry. Scandinavia Press. Lund, H. (2018). Shield Walls and Combat Strategies: The Tactical Use of Shields in Viking and Medieval Society. University of Oslo. Thorsson, รณ. (2010). The Viking Answer Book. University of Minnesota Press.