Did England Colonize America? A Comprehensive Overview of Colonial Influence
The exploration and colonization of the Americas by European powers is a complex historical narrative, often overlooking other significant contributors. While England played a pivotal role in the colonization of North America, it is important to understand the broader context of who, what, and why this journey took place.
Early Colonial Attempts: Spain and Portugal in the New World
It all began with the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492, but the early attempts to colonize the Americas were largely dominated by Spain and Portugal. According to historian Richard Talbot, the Spanish and Portuguese were the earliest to establish significant settlements in the New World. Before this, the Siberians had migrated to America approximately 12,000 years ago, originating from what is now Alaska and spreading southwards.
The Norse and Their Short-Lived Colonies
The Vikings, particularly the Norse, were among the pioneers in the New World. David Yanige, in his book Vikings and the New World, notes that Norse explorers established at least one colony in North America, possibly even more, around 500 years before Columbus discovered it. However, these settlements were short-lived and none lasted beyond the early 15th century.
England's Role in Colonial America
England entered the race for colonization much later, driven by the quest for wealth, particularly gold and silver, as observed by academic Sarah Spilsbury. She wrote, British explorers and adventurers initially sought to strike it rich, searching for the vast wealth that had been plundered by the Spanish. When they found that the lands they had discovered offered little in the way of gold, they shifted their focus to establishing colonies for money-making schemes.
The British Empire set up companies to encourage settlement, offering free land and granting pardons to those seeking redemption, such as felons and political prisoners. States like Canada, Vermont, West Florida, and East Florida, along with the Bahamas and other territories, were all considered British colonies during this period. The land that would become the United States was part of a vast British imperial project, which included the British West Indies.
Complex Historical Legacies
While the United States gained independence, it is important to recognize that the history of the land is much richer and more complex than a simple narrative of thirteen British colonies. According to historian Michael O'Malley, the history of the United States is significantly influenced by the Spanish legacy, particularly in terms of cultural, historical, and traditional aspects.
During the period of British rule, much of the land that would become the United States was part of the Kingdom of New Spain, a separate political entity within the Spanish Empire. This kingdom was a sovereign entity, distinct from the direct rule of Spain, showcasing the complexity of the region's governance during that era.
Today, the legacy of these diverse colonial influences continues to shape the cultural, geographical, and political landscape of the United States. Understanding this multifaceted history is crucial for a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of American history.