Understanding Cultural Marxism vs. Cultural Relativism
Amidst the myriad of sociological and philosophical discussions, two concepts often catch the attention of scholars and laypeople alike: Cultural Marxism and Cultural Relativism. This article aims to explore the origins, ideologies, and implications of these two terms, helping readers to comprehend the differences and connections between them.
Cultural Marxism
Cultural Marxism refers to a far-right antisemitic conspiracy theory that emerged in 1992, asserting that a group of intellectuals, primarily left-wing Jewish academics, aimed to infiltrate and overthrow Western culture through a gradual process. This theory gained traction through publications such as Michael Minnicino's The New Dark Age: The Frankfurt School and Political Correctness, which was expanded upon by conservative figures like Paul Weyrich and William S. Lind.
The Institute for Social Research, established in 1923 and originally associated with Frankfurt University, played a pivotal role in this narrative. This organization was central to the Frankfurt School, a radical left-wing intellectual movement that was forced to relocate due to the rise of the Nazi party in Germany. After establishing a presence in the United States, particularly affiliated with Columbia University, the group's influence continued to grow.
The theory of Cultural Marxism posits that this conspiracy aimed to replace traditional conservative Christian values with cultural liberalism, eventually leading to the sneaky introduction of Marxism. The conspiratorial narrative claims that members of this 'masonic' network exert control over Hollywood, media, and the banking system, fostering a cultural shift that undermines Western values.
According to Minnicino, this ideological shift began with a formal political conspiracy to popularize theories that undermined the soul of Judeo-Christian civilization. These ideas were spread through new media industries, leading to a pervasive psychological hold that promotes passivity and pessimism. Today, this insidious conspiracy is believed to be deeply embedded in our culture, no longer requiring active promotion.
Key Sources: Minnicino, M. (1992). The New Dark Age: The Frankfurt School and Political Correctness. Journal of Culture and Society. Lind, W. (1995). What is Cultural Marxism? Thinktank Insights.
Cultural Relativism
In contrast, Cultural Relativism is a methodological tool first popularized by German-American anthropologist Franz Boas. Applicable primarily to academic circles, this approach seeks to understand cultural practices by placing them in their cultural context. It was initially misunderstood as a doctrine that prevents moral judgments on other cultures, but this is inaccurate. Cultural Relativism is intended as a tool for anthropological research, encouraging a scientific detachment and an investigative mindset.
During Boas's time, anthropologists were prone to making value judgments based on their western cultural lens. Boas advocated for a change in this approach, emphasizing the importance of understanding why such practices exist and what cultural values they represent. This method of inquiry has since been adopted and popularized by his students and their successors.
While Cultural Relativism can be misused, there is a fear that its principle might undermine moral authority. However, as Clyde Kluckhohn, an American anthropologist, points out, the concept of culture, like any other piece of knowledge, can be subjected to abuse and misinterpretation.
Key Sources: Boas, F. (1911). Handbook of American Indian Languages. Smithsonian Institution. Kluckhohn, C. (1955). Mirror For Man: The Anthropological Approach to Culture. University of Chicago Press.
Connecting Cultural Marxism and Cultural Relativism
While the two concepts appear to be polar opposites, they intersect in various ways. Both ideologies emphasize understanding cultural practices, albeit from different perspectives. Cultural Marxism seeks to manipulate cultural practices for ideological purposes, while Cultural Relativism aims to understand these practices through context and investigation.
One notable difference is the intent behind each approach. Cultural Marxism operates from a conspiratorial standpoint, aiming to undermine traditional values through strategic infiltration, whereas Cultural Relativism is a non-value-laden methodological tool focused on academic inquiry and understanding.
Conclusion
The debate between Cultural Marxism and Cultural Relativism highlights the complex interplay between ideology, academic inquiry, and cultural practices. Understanding the nuances of these concepts is crucial for addressing the cultural and ideological shifts that characterize contemporary society.
By exploring the roots and implications of these terms, we can better navigate the challenges they pose and work towards a more informed and nuanced understanding of cultural dynamics.